Architectural Investigation and Material Characterization of Byzantine Brick Masonry Church: A Case Study of the Üç Ayak Church [Bizans Dönemine Ait Tuğla Yığma Kilisenin Mimari İncelemesi ve Malzeme Karakterizasyonu: Üç Ayak Kilisesi Örneği]

Abstract

The Üç Ayak Church in Kırşehir, Türkiye, is a notable example of middle-Byzantine architecture with a double-nave plan and exceptional masonry, including hidden bricks and double-layer lime mortar. This study investigates the historical significance of the Üç Ayak Church and promote its preservation through comprehensive material characterization and architectural analysis. To achieve these objectives, first he architectural features of the building that was built in the 11th century were discussed. The architectural study concludes that the distinctive features of this endangered Byzantine monumental structure, which represents a crucial aspect of cultural heritage, must be preserved and thoroughly examined. This survey investigates not only the notable features, structural alterations, materials, and construction techniques of the building but also integrates data from previous studies, on-site observations, and comparisons with structures of similar typology. Furthermore, mechanical and chemical analyses were employed to thoroughly examine the mortar and brick properties of the church. Mortars display a 3.6 MPa compressive strength, limiting the hydraulic potential. The bricks exhibited 9.8 MPa, aligning with Byzantine brick studies. XRD analysis inferred the firing of bricks at 850-900°C. SEM-EDS confirmed the absence of vitreous phases, affirming the heterogeneous structure. Findings guide selecting materials for restoration endeavors.